SECTION 8 AVOID ENTANGLEMENT OF FISHING GEAR AND OFFSHORE WIND FARM EQUIPMENT
台灣西部海岸常見的漁具有刺網、拖網與一支釣。刺網，特別是流刺網，隨海水漂流的特性使其難以在離岸風場基樁之間佈放，是與離岸風場設施相容性最低的漁具。即使在離岸風場周圍海域，航行通過的離岸風場工作船也可能對刺網造成損害。風機基樁間距同樣會影響拖網漁船既有的作業方式，僅一支釣漁民不會受到影響。離岸風電部門應將避免纏繞、損壞漁具納入漁業影響減輕對策與漁業共存方案。
Common fishing gear on the western coast of Taiwan includes gillnets, trawls, and pole and line. However, gillnets, especially drift gillnets, are difficult to deploy between the offshore wind farm foundations due to their drifting nature with the seawater, making them the least compatible fishing gear with offshore wind farm facilities. Even in the waters around offshore wind farms, passing offshore wind farm work vessels can damage gillnets. The spacing between wind turbine foundations will also affect the existing operating methods of trawl fishing vessels, while only pole and line fishermen will be unaffected. The offshore wind sector should include avoiding entanglement and damage to fishing gear in its fishing impact mitigation measures and fishing coexistence plans.
8.1 認識刺網 Understanding Gillnets
刺網具有被動、省能源、不需餌料的特性，並且只需一、兩人即可作業，相對簡單，因此廣泛被小規模家計型漁業使用。
Gillnets have the characteristics of being passive, energy-saving, and not requiring bait, and they can be operated by only one or two people, making them relatively simple. Therefore, they are widely used by small-scale artisanal fishery.
在台灣西部沿岸，不論大小漁港都有漁民以刺網為主要收入來源。刺網名稱的由來是魚類觸網時因鰭或鰓蓋「卡」在漁網，如同「刺進」漁網。藉由調整網目大小，體積大的目標魚種會被網困住，其餘較小的魚則可從網目中穿游而過、不會被捕撈。台灣漁業法規規定，流刺網長度不得超過2.5公里。實務上，西海岸小規模漁業使用的漁船（筏），其空間、載重量和人力都有限，難以超過上述法規限制。簡言之，刺網並非「大小通吃」的「死亡之牆」。
On the western coast of Taiwan, regardless of the size of the fishing port, some fishermen rely primarily on gillnets for their income. Gillnets are named as such because when fish come into contact with the net, their fins or gill covers get “stuck” in the net as if they are “stabbed” into the net. By adjusting the mesh size, target fish species with larger bodies will be trapped in the net, while other smaller fish can pass through the mesh and not be caught. Taiwan’s fisheries regulations stipulate that the length of drift gillnets cannot exceed 2.5 kilometers. In practice, the fishing boats (rafts) used by small-scale fishery on the west coast have limited space, load capacity, and workforce, making it difficult to exceed the said legal restrictions. In short, gillnets are not “catch-all” or a “wall of death” gears.
刺網依據構造、設置水層與使用方式的不同，可以分為：流刺網、底刺網、浮刺網和圍刺網。流刺網因隨海水漂流、不固定於海床而得名。漁民會在刺網兩端加上紅色浮標旗與警示燈以識別彼此位置（部分地區漁民會將其中一支浮標旗改用其他顏色，用來區別方位）。底刺網的兩端底部會繫上重物減低網具漂移範圍，頂部同樣以浮標旗識別彼此位置。
They can be classified into drift gillnets, bottom gillnets, floating gillnets, and purse seines according to their structure, the water layer in which they are set, and the method of use. Drift gillnets are so named because they drift with the seawater and are not fixed to the seabed. Fishermen will add red buoy flags and warning lights to both ends of the gillnet to identify their positions (in some areas, fishermen will replace one of the buoy flags with a different color to distinguish direction). Weights are attached to the bottoms of both ends of the bottom gillnets to reduce the drift range, while the top is marked with buoys to identify each other’s positions.
漁民會依不同季節與目標魚的習性而調整漁具，迴游性魚類使用流刺網、底棲魚類使用底刺網，彈性多變。一般而言，流刺網投入海中的時間約2至3小時、漁民的漁船（筏）會在附近海域等待。底刺網投入海中的時間較長、通常會隔夜。
Fishermen will adjust their fishing gear according to different seasons and the habits of target fish. Migratory fish use drift gillnets, and benthic fish use bottom gillnets, showcasing their flexibility. Generally, drift gillnets are deployed in the sea for about 2 to 3 hours, and fishermen’s fishing boats (rafts) wait in the nearby waters. Bottom gillnets are deployed in the sea for a longer period, usually overnight.
浮標旗與警示燈可以協助判斷刺網在海中的位置，但無法區別是流刺網或是底刺網。同時，由於浮標旗與警示燈對離岸風場工作船而言並不明顯，一旦離岸風場工作船航行時跨越流刺網，將直接導致網具纏繞損毀；如跨越底刺網，同樣可能因水流急遽改變而間接造成網具毀壞。
Buoy flags and warning lights can help determine the location of the gillnets in the sea, but they cannot distinguish between drift gillnets and bottom gillnets. Meanwhile, since buoy flags and warning lights are not obvious to offshore wind farm work vessels, once an offshore wind farm work vessel crosses a drift gillnet while navigating, it will directly lead to the entanglement and damage of the net. If it crosses a bottom gillnet, it may also indirectly cause damage to the net due to sudden changes in water currents.
在浮標旗加繫具有船舶自動識別系統(Automatic Identification System, AIS) 的網位儀有助於離岸風場工作船辨識刺網位置，但部分漁民並不願意使用因AIS可能洩漏漁業作業的位置而不願使用；目前法規也未強制要求加裝。
Adding a net sounder with the automatic identification system (AIS) to the buoy flag can help identify the location of gillnets for offshore wind farm work vessels. However, some fishermen are reluctant to use it as they fear AIS may reveal the locations of their fishing operations. Current regulations also do not require its installation.
離岸風場工作船發現浮標旗時，應注意避讓並嘗試與漁船（筏）通訊（見「3.4.海上活動的資訊傳遞與溝通」）。如發現漁船（筏）正在放網，切勿從其船尾通過，應保持距離至少1浬，並與刺網方向平行的航向通過。如發現浮標旗又無法與其所有人聯繫，在非緊急狀況下擅自移除漁具，將可能構成民事上侵權行為。
When an offshore wind farm work vessel discovers a buoy flag, it should take care to avoid it and try to communicate with the fishing vessel (raft) (see “3.4 Information Dissemination and Communication During Maritime Activities”). If work vessels see fishing boats (rafts) setting nets, do not pass from their stern. Maintain a distance of at least 1 nautical mile and pass parallel to the direction of the gillnet. If work vessels find a buoy flag and cannot contact its owner, unauthorized removal of the fishing gear in non-emergency situations may constitute a civil tort.
浮刺網與流刺網的差異在於其一端以重物固定於海床。儘管並不常見於西部海岸，但可能與離岸風場設施有較好的相容性。本指南建議離岸風電部門將協助漁具漁法改良列入漁業影響減輕對策與漁業共存方案的一環。
The difference between floating gillnets and drift gillnets is that one end is anchored to the seabed with a weight. Although not common on the western coast, they may have better compatibility with offshore wind farm facilities. This Guidance recommends that the offshore wind sector include assistance in improving fishing gear and methods as part of its fishing impact mitigation measures and fishing coexistence plans.
8.2 認識拖網 Understanding Trawling
拖網漁業依作業方式可分為單船拖網和雙船拖網；依作業水層則可分為中表層和底拖網。拖網漁業捕撈的漁獲除了供國人直接食用，也供應養殖漁業飼料使用，是沿近海重要漁業之一。
The trawl fishery can be divided into single-vessel trawling and double-vessel trawling based on the operating methods and into mid-surface and bottom trawling based on the operating water layer. The catch from the trawl fishery is not only for direct human consumption but also serves as feed for the aquaculture industry, making it one of the important coastal fisheries.
為有效管理漁業資源，台灣自1977年起，禁止拖網漁船於距岸3浬內作業，且CT4級(50~100噸)以上之拖網漁船禁止於距岸12浬內作業。換言之，CT3級(50噸以下)拖網漁船在距岸3浬外作業即符合法規規定。拖網漁業相較於刺網漁業，需要更廣大海域空間，且漁業執照從未以縣（市）分界作為作業海域的限制；拖網漁船跨越縣（市）界線從事捕撈是長年的既存事實（見「1.3 台灣海峽海域的漁業活動」）。
To effectively manage fishery resources, Taiwan has prohibited trawl fishing vessels from operating within 3 nautical miles of the coast since 1977, and CT4-class (50-100 tons) and above trawl fishing vessels are prohibited from operating within 12 nautical miles of the coast. In other words, CT3-class (less than 50 tons) trawl fishing vessels comply with the regulations by operating more than 3 nautical miles from the coast. Compared to the gillnet fishery, the trawl fishery requires a much larger sea area, and fishery licenses have never used county (city) boundaries as restrictions on operating sea areas. Trawl fishing vessels have been crossing county (city) boundaries to fish for a long time (see “1.3 Fishing activities in the Taiwan Strait”).
在離岸風場建成之後，拖網受風機基樁間距的限制較刺網輕微，拖網漁船採取若干措施（如雙船拖網縮減兩船之間距離、單船拖網避開拋石區域）仍有可能進入作業。離岸風場業者提供明確的風機及海纜路徑座標給漁民，將有助於兩個部門的共存。
After the construction of offshore wind farms, trawl fishing vessels are less restricted by the spacing between wind turbine foundations compared to gillnets. By taking some measures (such as reducing the distance between two vessels in double-vessel trawling and avoiding the riprap protection area in single-vessel trawling), trawl-fishing vessels may still be able to operate. Providing clear coordinates of wind turbines and submarine cables to fishermen by offshore wind farm operators will help the coexistence of the two sectors.
此外，不同於浮標旗可以協助判斷刺網漁船是否正在作業，並無外在明顯特徵可以判斷拖網漁船是否正在作業。因此離岸風場工作船不該貿然靠近拖網漁船，而是依據先前建立好的聯絡管道嘗試與漁船通訊（見「3.4.海上活動的資訊傳遞與溝通」）。
In addition, unlike buoy flags, which can help determine whether gillnet fishing vessels are currently operating, there are no obvious external features to assess whether trawl fishing vessels are currently operating. Therefore, offshore wind farm work vessels should not approach trawl fishing vessels rashly but should try to communicate with the fishing vessels according to the previously established liaison channels (see “3.4. Information Dissemination and Communication During Maritime Activities”).
8.3 風場設備海上遺失 Offshore Wind Farm Equipment Lost at Sea
在規劃階段，開發業者會在海上佈放收集資料的各種設備；在施工階段，風場周圍則會佈放警示浮標。如同漁民的漁具可能因天氣、海況而遺失，離岸風場的調查設備與警示設施也可能離開其原本的佈放位置。離岸風場業者應在這些設備或設施上清楚標示所有人及聯絡方式，以便漁民拾獲時歸還。如發現這些設備或設施的定位訊號發生改變或消失，或工作船上的設備不慎遺落海中時，也應依循第三節「管理聯絡管道」主動向漁業利害關係人說明、請求他們協助搜尋。
During the planning phase, developers will deploy various data-collecting equipment at sea; during the construction phase, warning buoys will be deployed around the wind farm. Just as fishermen’s fishing gear may be lost due to weather and sea conditions, offshore wind farm survey equipment and warning facilities may also move away from their original deployment locations. Offshore wind farm developers/operators should clearly mark the owner and contact information on these equipment or facilities so that fishermen can return them if found. If it is found that the positioning signal of the equipment or facilities has changed or disappeared, or if equipment on the work vessel is accidentally dropped into the sea, developers/ should also follow SECTION 3 MANAGING CONTACT to proactively inform fishery stakeholders and request their assistance in searching.
由於缺乏先例，本指南建議兩個部門應儘快針對互相認可的風場內與周圍海域的漁撈作業安全規範進行討論，盡可能讓漁業活動繼續進行。
Due to the lack of precedents, this Guidance recommends that both sectors discuss the safety regulations for fishing operations within and around the wind farms that are mutually recognized in a timely manner to allow fishing activities to continue to the fullest extent possible.